官员称县级驻京办撤销后信访维稳无法保障_新闻中心_新浪网
没办法维持“黑监狱”了？
星期三, 三月 10, 2010
2008–2009 Icelandic financial crisis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2008–2009 Icelandic financial crisis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
How can they nationalize those banks instead of letting them go belly up? Now the COUNTRY is in trouble!
How can they nationalize those banks instead of letting them go belly up? Now the COUNTRY is in trouble!
Mnemonic FAQ - wxWidgets
Mnemonic FAQ - wxWidgets
"How do I keep the underlines from disappearing in Windows?
On Microsoft Windows 2000 and XP, the underlines only appear while ALT is pressed. This makes the mnemonics difficult to debug. Especially in context menus!
Windows can be instructed to automatically show underlines for accelerator keys by checking the Show extra keyboard help in programs box in the Keyboard pane of the Accessibility Options applet in the Windows Control panel. Alternatively, right-click on the desktop background, go to Properties -> Appearance -> Effects, and clear the checkbox labeled Hide keyboard navigation indicators until I use the Alt key."
* If you dont have mnemonic defined for a menu item and the first letter isnot defined as mnemonic for menu item in that level, it will go to it but it wont execute that menu item automatically.
* If you have duplicate mnemonic for menu items or the undefined first letter is the same, it will cycle through them.
"How do I keep the underlines from disappearing in Windows?
On Microsoft Windows 2000 and XP, the underlines only appear while ALT is pressed. This makes the mnemonics difficult to debug. Especially in context menus!
Windows can be instructed to automatically show underlines for accelerator keys by checking the Show extra keyboard help in programs box in the Keyboard pane of the Accessibility Options applet in the Windows Control panel. Alternatively, right-click on the desktop background, go to Properties -> Appearance -> Effects, and clear the checkbox labeled Hide keyboard navigation indicators until I use the Alt key."
* If you dont have mnemonic defined for a menu item and the first letter isnot defined as mnemonic for menu item in that level, it will go to it but it wont execute that menu item automatically.
* If you have duplicate mnemonic for menu items or the undefined first letter is the same, it will cycle through them.
星期二, 三月 09, 2010
星期一, 三月 08, 2010
- 木豆
木豆:
"一、历史及现状
木豆(Cajanuscajan)，俗称黄豆树、豆蓉树、三叶豆、千年豆、树豆、鸽豆、蓉豆、柳豆、花豆、米豆等，英文常用名为Pigeonpea。染色体为11对。据报道还有22对、33对的多倍体类型(2n＝22，44，66)。木豆起源于印度，距今已有大约6000年栽培历史，是目前世界上第六大食用豆类，在热带和亚热带地区有广泛的分布。
据FAO农业数据库，目前世界上有20多个国家生产木豆，全世界木豆播种面积8067万亩，总产量约为292.0万吨。亚洲是世界上最大的木豆产区，其中印度又是最大的生产国。1998年，印度的木豆播种面积为6900万亩，占世界总播种面积的85.53％；总产量为250.0万吨，占世界总量的85.63％。缅甸、尼泊尔、孟加拉、巴基斯坦、泰国也有较大面积的木豆干籽粒生产。除亚洲之外非洲是第二大木豆主产区，种植面积占世界木豆总种植面积的8.0％，总产量占世界总量的7.5％。
在木豆主要栽培国中，亚洲国家主要以生产干籽粒作粮食；多米尼加、委内瑞拉、海地、巴拿马、牙买加、布隆迪、特立尼达和多巴哥，主要生产木豆青荚作蔬菜用；澳大利亚生产木豆干籽粒，以配制家禽饲料；美国以放牧为主要目的。
大约在1500～1600年前，木豆由印度传人中国。但是，1999年国际半干旱热带作物研究所的木豆育种(K.B.Saxena)和种质资源专家(L.J.Reddy)考察广西木豆引种和资源分布时，却意外地发现并当场鉴定认定中国有野生和半野生木豆分布。另据报道，近年来在我国云南也发现有木豆野生种分布。中国是否木豆起源亚中心之一，有待进一步考证。中国目前的木豆种植面积不大，分布范围也仅限于长江以南数省、自治区、直辖市。木豆在中国多为零星种植，没有正式统计资料，据估计，每年种植面积为52500～6000亩，总产量约为3000吨，主要分布于海南、广西、云南、广东、福建、贵州、湖南、四川。
二、栽培方式与田间管理
木豆属经济作物。它木本粮、菜、饲、薪、蜜源、紫胶、垦荒、造林、防风、固沙等多用途并低投入高产出。植株呈灌木状，分枝较多，栽培时仍以种子繁殖。木豆种子，繁殖系数高，用种子繁殖经济而方便。
以扩大繁种和获得籽粒或鲜荚高产为主要目的时，选择土壤深厚、排水良好的中性偏酸的土壤为好。播种前起好垄背，在垄背上下种。起垄背时，每75厘米一垄，每垄播种一行木豆；或每150厘米一垄，每垄播种3行。一般生产时，多种在旱薄地或丘陵坡地上，为了在较差土壤条件下尽可能获得较好的收成，播前要进行精细整地，山坡地要修成等高梯田，平地宜作成高畦后播种。有条件时还要增施底肥，一般施腐熟农家肥500～1000公斤/亩，过磷酸钙155～30公斤/亩。以收获籽粒为主要目的时，应选用特早熟、早熟和中熟品种；收获青荚作蔬菜为主时，应选用早熟大粒、中熟大粒和晚熟大粒的品种；仅以营养体作牧草或绿肥的，应选用晚熟品种。上季收获的新种子；播种前，最好再晾晒1～2天，促进后熟，提高发芽率，发芽率达85％以上。
10厘米地温稳定在10℃以上，并且土壤墒情良好时，即可播种，北方以4月份为适期；早、中熟品种在南方可5～6月份播种，开花结荚期避开雨季，从而防止或减轻落花落荚、虫害和荚果霉变。做为青饲料或绿肥栽培时，多为晚熟品种，不以收获种子和青荚为主要目的，4～7月份播种均可。作为一年生单作种植时，特早熟和早熟品种以行距40厘米株距10厘米，1.6～1.7万株/亩密度为宜；中熟品种以行距60厘米株距10厘米，16万株；晚熟品种以行距150厘米株距10厘米，6万株为宜。木豆直播，土壤墒情良好时播深度为2.5～5厘米。采用条播、穴播，也可撒播，在容易受水涝的低洼地，宜实行垅种。实践中，多以穴播方式为主，播前先浸种一夜，稍晾后每穴播3～4粒，播后覆土稍压实，一般7～10天出苗，一片真叶时开始间苗，4～5片叶时定苗，每穴留苗一株；作牧草用时可不间苗。一般以收获籽粒为目的的大田单作，播量1～2公斤/亩；与其它作物间作时，播量0.5～1公斤/亩。如果以青刈绿肥或作饲料为目的时，宜密植或直接撒播。
木豆前期生长缓慢，又宽行种植，为与其他作物间作套种提供了良好条件。通常与木豆间作的主要作物有高粱、玉米、谷子、花生、大豆、豇豆、绿豆、棉花、蓖麻、芝麻、马铃薯、春荞麦、西瓜、木瓜等。2行高粱与1行木豆间作，能够为高粱提供最佳密度，而木豆密度与单作相近，其结果是高粱能收获其单作产量的94％，木豆能获单作产量的72％。木豆与绿豆间作时，1行木豆与3行绿豆，4月份播种，木豆采用生育期短的优良品种，收获后再播小麦。木豆与花生或大豆间作，同时能生产出植物蛋白和食用油，是经常被农民们采用的一种耕作体系。木豆与芒果、椰子、乔木套种的做法也很普遍。木豆也可与菠萝、甘蔗轮作倒茬。与其它作物间作套种，除了冠层部分能够高矮、时间互补外，木豆深根系可以吸收土壤深层的水分、养分，玉米等浅根系吸收土壤上层的水分和养分，从而充分利用土壤中的水分和养分，避免了相互间对土壤的竞争。
木豆生长所需的水分主要以雨水为主，通常不需灌水。但是在年降雨量不足500毫米的地区，如能灌溉，将明显提高产量。木豆需水临界期为开花初期和灌浆期，此时应尽量满足其水分需求。应根据苗情和生育时期分次施肥。一般幼苗期不宜施用过多肥料，但如果幼苗生长较差，可结合定苗施用适量速效性氮肥，一般追施尿素为2.5～4.7公斤/亩。当幼苗长至40～60厘米后，进入迅速生长期，需肥较多应及时追施氮磷钾复合肥15～20公斤/亩。木豆开花结荚期常再补追适量磷钾肥。如果木豆表现缺锌症状，叶面喷施0.5％的硫酸锌稀释液，能有效地控制缺锌。木豆生育期的头60天，地温偏低，生长缓慢，会受到杂草的严酷竞争。中耕除草，有抑制杂草、提高地温和保墒的作用。
防治镰刀霉枯萎病。当植株开花结荚时，部分植株枯萎，茎组织变为褐色，木质部区域呈紫色带状和褐色，植株成片死亡。轮作倒茬与禾本科作物间作。二是一旦发现发病植株，连根拔出后作薪材烧掉。三是夏天晒田以减少病原菌。
防治不育花叶病。发病的植株不开花不结荚，呈淡绿色，植株上分枝弱且呈丛生状。感病植株，叶呈亮绿色，花斑状，上面散布着螨虫。选择远离长有多年生木豆和截根苗地方种植木豆，连根拔除带有病原物的截根苗和染病植株，并烧毁，与其他作物轮作以及药物防治螨虫。
防治Pytopthora枯萎病。该病致使木豆苗突然死亡。染病的植株叶片呈水浸状，受害的茎和叶柄呈棕色至黑色。选择无枯萎病记录的地块种植，避开易受水淹的低洼地种植木豆，田间具备良好的排水条件。
防治棉铃虫、豆荚蝇、豆野螟、豆芫青。
不同于其他作物，在荚果成熟时木豆的叶片仍保持绿色。木豆成熟期的标志是80％～90％的荚变成褐色。
种子收获后，可离地1米处台割，萌发的新枝产量更好。多年生木豆，以第二年的产量最高。如以割青为目的，当植株长至150厘米左右时，从离地面50～70厘米处刹割。矮生品种从20～50厘米处刹割。木豆收获后，晒干4～6天，籽粒含水量降至20％以下后机械脱粒或敲打脱粒。脱粒后的籽粒应继续晾晒至含水量11％以下。种子，进库前用磷化铝熏蒸，以防豆象危害。粮食入库前装入容量为20～30公斤的透明塑料袋内密封，晴天时在太阳光下曝晒3～5天，袋内60多度的持续高温会杀死潜藏的豆象及其他害虫的成虫、幼虫和卵，而对种子本身的发芽力无不良影响。另外，农户用不透气的铁罐、硬塑料罐存放晒干的木豆，可以防止害虫和老鼠进一步为害。
三、开发利用
木豆干鲜籽粒营养丰富(表6-4，6-5)，既适于粗加工后食用，也适于精加工后上市。
木豆是用途最多的豆类作物，根、茎、叶、花、荚全身是宝。根瘤每一个生长繁育季节的固氮量一般为2.7公斤/亩。另外，据《自然》杂志报道，木豆的根系还有一种与土壤微生物共生，溶解并释放岩石中磷元素成为有效磷，并加以有效吸收利用的特殊功能。木豆巨大的根量，能够显著改良土壤深层结构，减少水土流失。木豆每个生长季节，每亩可以提供600～700公斤的木质化干茎枝做为薪材，燃烧值相当于330～340公斤吨优质煤。木豆枝条也可作为篱笆、编制和建筑用材加以利用，还可用做制胶合板的原料。木豆在田间生长期间，还是放养紫胶虫生产紫胶的好寄主。每个生长季节，每亩成吨的落叶，可以显著增加土壤中的有机质含量，减少水土流失，改良土壤结构。鲜叶和鲜茎叶中含有丰富的营养，是山羊、绵羊、水牛、黄牛等的优质牧草。花大而鲜艳，是很好的蜜源植物，也是很好的绿化和观赏性木本花卉植物。
木豆青豆粒是营养丰富而鲜美的时令蔬菜，干籽粒去皮后是加工成多种食品的良好高蛋白粮食原料。
在许多热带和亚热带地区，木豆是重要的蛋白质食物。印度等国将干木豆加工为豆瓣后，再加工食用，也可将干木豆压碎和油炸后食用。有的地方是将干木豆先浸泡几个小时再煮成酱状物食用。青木豆和青豆荚作为蔬菜用，这种方式在有些地区用量很大。将叶和花入药。在我国将木豆煮熟食用，亦用来作豆粉、豆腐、豆浆、豆馅；有的豆蓉月饼的馅即用木豆制成。
将木豆去皮并分开两片子叶即成豆瓣，有湿法和干法两种方法。
干法制豆瓣的程序是将木豆晒3～4天，再将晒干的木豆涂上植物油以软化种皮，接着用粉碎机磨成片，挑出未成豆瓣的木豆，再晒干和用油处理，然后磨片，如此3～4次，直到所有木豆被磨成片，最后可得66％干净的豆瓣。用于法所得的豆瓣多为半圆形，烹调时容易煮软，味道好。湿法制豆瓣的程序是先将木豆用水浸泡6～10小时，接着用粉碎并经筛过的红土与木豆混合，成堆，经过一夜后，将混有红土的木豆推开晒干，扬去红土，然后将豆子磨碎，所得豆瓣经多次扬净红土。湿法可得豆瓣产量约75％～80％，但豆瓣通常是扁的，煮熟时所用时间较多，品质稍差。青嫩的木豆，如青豌豆一样可以制成罐头食品，其工艺程序为：在木豆灌浆完成但还青嫩时摘下，去壳、将豆子冷凉、清洗。接着于85℃的水中软化5分钟，再用冷水清洗并分级。将合要求的青木豆装入简易的罐头盒中，加91～93℃含盐为2％的盐水，用漆封口，用规格为A2的罐头盒(307×408)，密封后于116℃处理35分钟，接着用水冷却到38℃。成熟的干木豆也可用来制罐头，干木豆应含水分较高(19％)，先在66℃温水中浸泡3小时，然后于85℃下软化3分钟，再加含盐2％的盐水，密封后的罐头于116℃下处理45分钟，冷却即可。木豆可以进行快速冷冻。如同制罐头一样，青木豆荚去壳后，清洗、分级，再于91℃下软化5分钟，再清洗、装入塑料袋或硬板纸制的纸板筒内，接着放在鼓风冷冻器内于-43℃冷冻，然后贮藏于-23℃下待用。"
"一、历史及现状
木豆(Cajanuscajan)，俗称黄豆树、豆蓉树、三叶豆、千年豆、树豆、鸽豆、蓉豆、柳豆、花豆、米豆等，英文常用名为Pigeonpea。染色体为11对。据报道还有22对、33对的多倍体类型(2n＝22，44，66)。木豆起源于印度，距今已有大约6000年栽培历史，是目前世界上第六大食用豆类，在热带和亚热带地区有广泛的分布。
据FAO农业数据库，目前世界上有20多个国家生产木豆，全世界木豆播种面积8067万亩，总产量约为292.0万吨。亚洲是世界上最大的木豆产区，其中印度又是最大的生产国。1998年，印度的木豆播种面积为6900万亩，占世界总播种面积的85.53％；总产量为250.0万吨，占世界总量的85.63％。缅甸、尼泊尔、孟加拉、巴基斯坦、泰国也有较大面积的木豆干籽粒生产。除亚洲之外非洲是第二大木豆主产区，种植面积占世界木豆总种植面积的8.0％，总产量占世界总量的7.5％。
在木豆主要栽培国中，亚洲国家主要以生产干籽粒作粮食；多米尼加、委内瑞拉、海地、巴拿马、牙买加、布隆迪、特立尼达和多巴哥，主要生产木豆青荚作蔬菜用；澳大利亚生产木豆干籽粒，以配制家禽饲料；美国以放牧为主要目的。
大约在1500～1600年前，木豆由印度传人中国。但是，1999年国际半干旱热带作物研究所的木豆育种(K.B.Saxena)和种质资源专家(L.J.Reddy)考察广西木豆引种和资源分布时，却意外地发现并当场鉴定认定中国有野生和半野生木豆分布。另据报道，近年来在我国云南也发现有木豆野生种分布。中国是否木豆起源亚中心之一，有待进一步考证。中国目前的木豆种植面积不大，分布范围也仅限于长江以南数省、自治区、直辖市。木豆在中国多为零星种植，没有正式统计资料，据估计，每年种植面积为52500～6000亩，总产量约为3000吨，主要分布于海南、广西、云南、广东、福建、贵州、湖南、四川。
二、栽培方式与田间管理
木豆属经济作物。它木本粮、菜、饲、薪、蜜源、紫胶、垦荒、造林、防风、固沙等多用途并低投入高产出。植株呈灌木状，分枝较多，栽培时仍以种子繁殖。木豆种子，繁殖系数高，用种子繁殖经济而方便。
以扩大繁种和获得籽粒或鲜荚高产为主要目的时，选择土壤深厚、排水良好的中性偏酸的土壤为好。播种前起好垄背，在垄背上下种。起垄背时，每75厘米一垄，每垄播种一行木豆；或每150厘米一垄，每垄播种3行。一般生产时，多种在旱薄地或丘陵坡地上，为了在较差土壤条件下尽可能获得较好的收成，播前要进行精细整地，山坡地要修成等高梯田，平地宜作成高畦后播种。有条件时还要增施底肥，一般施腐熟农家肥500～1000公斤/亩，过磷酸钙155～30公斤/亩。以收获籽粒为主要目的时，应选用特早熟、早熟和中熟品种；收获青荚作蔬菜为主时，应选用早熟大粒、中熟大粒和晚熟大粒的品种；仅以营养体作牧草或绿肥的，应选用晚熟品种。上季收获的新种子；播种前，最好再晾晒1～2天，促进后熟，提高发芽率，发芽率达85％以上。
10厘米地温稳定在10℃以上，并且土壤墒情良好时，即可播种，北方以4月份为适期；早、中熟品种在南方可5～6月份播种，开花结荚期避开雨季，从而防止或减轻落花落荚、虫害和荚果霉变。做为青饲料或绿肥栽培时，多为晚熟品种，不以收获种子和青荚为主要目的，4～7月份播种均可。作为一年生单作种植时，特早熟和早熟品种以行距40厘米株距10厘米，1.6～1.7万株/亩密度为宜；中熟品种以行距60厘米株距10厘米，16万株；晚熟品种以行距150厘米株距10厘米，6万株为宜。木豆直播，土壤墒情良好时播深度为2.5～5厘米。采用条播、穴播，也可撒播，在容易受水涝的低洼地，宜实行垅种。实践中，多以穴播方式为主，播前先浸种一夜，稍晾后每穴播3～4粒，播后覆土稍压实，一般7～10天出苗，一片真叶时开始间苗，4～5片叶时定苗，每穴留苗一株；作牧草用时可不间苗。一般以收获籽粒为目的的大田单作，播量1～2公斤/亩；与其它作物间作时，播量0.5～1公斤/亩。如果以青刈绿肥或作饲料为目的时，宜密植或直接撒播。
木豆前期生长缓慢，又宽行种植，为与其他作物间作套种提供了良好条件。通常与木豆间作的主要作物有高粱、玉米、谷子、花生、大豆、豇豆、绿豆、棉花、蓖麻、芝麻、马铃薯、春荞麦、西瓜、木瓜等。2行高粱与1行木豆间作，能够为高粱提供最佳密度，而木豆密度与单作相近，其结果是高粱能收获其单作产量的94％，木豆能获单作产量的72％。木豆与绿豆间作时，1行木豆与3行绿豆，4月份播种，木豆采用生育期短的优良品种，收获后再播小麦。木豆与花生或大豆间作，同时能生产出植物蛋白和食用油，是经常被农民们采用的一种耕作体系。木豆与芒果、椰子、乔木套种的做法也很普遍。木豆也可与菠萝、甘蔗轮作倒茬。与其它作物间作套种，除了冠层部分能够高矮、时间互补外，木豆深根系可以吸收土壤深层的水分、养分，玉米等浅根系吸收土壤上层的水分和养分，从而充分利用土壤中的水分和养分，避免了相互间对土壤的竞争。
木豆生长所需的水分主要以雨水为主，通常不需灌水。但是在年降雨量不足500毫米的地区，如能灌溉，将明显提高产量。木豆需水临界期为开花初期和灌浆期，此时应尽量满足其水分需求。应根据苗情和生育时期分次施肥。一般幼苗期不宜施用过多肥料，但如果幼苗生长较差，可结合定苗施用适量速效性氮肥，一般追施尿素为2.5～4.7公斤/亩。当幼苗长至40～60厘米后，进入迅速生长期，需肥较多应及时追施氮磷钾复合肥15～20公斤/亩。木豆开花结荚期常再补追适量磷钾肥。如果木豆表现缺锌症状，叶面喷施0.5％的硫酸锌稀释液，能有效地控制缺锌。木豆生育期的头60天，地温偏低，生长缓慢，会受到杂草的严酷竞争。中耕除草，有抑制杂草、提高地温和保墒的作用。
防治镰刀霉枯萎病。当植株开花结荚时，部分植株枯萎，茎组织变为褐色，木质部区域呈紫色带状和褐色，植株成片死亡。轮作倒茬与禾本科作物间作。二是一旦发现发病植株，连根拔出后作薪材烧掉。三是夏天晒田以减少病原菌。
防治不育花叶病。发病的植株不开花不结荚，呈淡绿色，植株上分枝弱且呈丛生状。感病植株，叶呈亮绿色，花斑状，上面散布着螨虫。选择远离长有多年生木豆和截根苗地方种植木豆，连根拔除带有病原物的截根苗和染病植株，并烧毁，与其他作物轮作以及药物防治螨虫。
防治Pytopthora枯萎病。该病致使木豆苗突然死亡。染病的植株叶片呈水浸状，受害的茎和叶柄呈棕色至黑色。选择无枯萎病记录的地块种植，避开易受水淹的低洼地种植木豆，田间具备良好的排水条件。
防治棉铃虫、豆荚蝇、豆野螟、豆芫青。
不同于其他作物，在荚果成熟时木豆的叶片仍保持绿色。木豆成熟期的标志是80％～90％的荚变成褐色。
种子收获后，可离地1米处台割，萌发的新枝产量更好。多年生木豆，以第二年的产量最高。如以割青为目的，当植株长至150厘米左右时，从离地面50～70厘米处刹割。矮生品种从20～50厘米处刹割。木豆收获后，晒干4～6天，籽粒含水量降至20％以下后机械脱粒或敲打脱粒。脱粒后的籽粒应继续晾晒至含水量11％以下。种子，进库前用磷化铝熏蒸，以防豆象危害。粮食入库前装入容量为20～30公斤的透明塑料袋内密封，晴天时在太阳光下曝晒3～5天，袋内60多度的持续高温会杀死潜藏的豆象及其他害虫的成虫、幼虫和卵，而对种子本身的发芽力无不良影响。另外，农户用不透气的铁罐、硬塑料罐存放晒干的木豆，可以防止害虫和老鼠进一步为害。
三、开发利用
木豆干鲜籽粒营养丰富(表6-4，6-5)，既适于粗加工后食用，也适于精加工后上市。
木豆是用途最多的豆类作物，根、茎、叶、花、荚全身是宝。根瘤每一个生长繁育季节的固氮量一般为2.7公斤/亩。另外，据《自然》杂志报道，木豆的根系还有一种与土壤微生物共生，溶解并释放岩石中磷元素成为有效磷，并加以有效吸收利用的特殊功能。木豆巨大的根量，能够显著改良土壤深层结构，减少水土流失。木豆每个生长季节，每亩可以提供600～700公斤的木质化干茎枝做为薪材，燃烧值相当于330～340公斤吨优质煤。木豆枝条也可作为篱笆、编制和建筑用材加以利用，还可用做制胶合板的原料。木豆在田间生长期间，还是放养紫胶虫生产紫胶的好寄主。每个生长季节，每亩成吨的落叶，可以显著增加土壤中的有机质含量，减少水土流失，改良土壤结构。鲜叶和鲜茎叶中含有丰富的营养，是山羊、绵羊、水牛、黄牛等的优质牧草。花大而鲜艳，是很好的蜜源植物，也是很好的绿化和观赏性木本花卉植物。
木豆青豆粒是营养丰富而鲜美的时令蔬菜，干籽粒去皮后是加工成多种食品的良好高蛋白粮食原料。
在许多热带和亚热带地区，木豆是重要的蛋白质食物。印度等国将干木豆加工为豆瓣后，再加工食用，也可将干木豆压碎和油炸后食用。有的地方是将干木豆先浸泡几个小时再煮成酱状物食用。青木豆和青豆荚作为蔬菜用，这种方式在有些地区用量很大。将叶和花入药。在我国将木豆煮熟食用，亦用来作豆粉、豆腐、豆浆、豆馅；有的豆蓉月饼的馅即用木豆制成。
将木豆去皮并分开两片子叶即成豆瓣，有湿法和干法两种方法。
干法制豆瓣的程序是将木豆晒3～4天，再将晒干的木豆涂上植物油以软化种皮，接着用粉碎机磨成片，挑出未成豆瓣的木豆，再晒干和用油处理，然后磨片，如此3～4次，直到所有木豆被磨成片，最后可得66％干净的豆瓣。用于法所得的豆瓣多为半圆形，烹调时容易煮软，味道好。湿法制豆瓣的程序是先将木豆用水浸泡6～10小时，接着用粉碎并经筛过的红土与木豆混合，成堆，经过一夜后，将混有红土的木豆推开晒干，扬去红土，然后将豆子磨碎，所得豆瓣经多次扬净红土。湿法可得豆瓣产量约75％～80％，但豆瓣通常是扁的，煮熟时所用时间较多，品质稍差。青嫩的木豆，如青豌豆一样可以制成罐头食品，其工艺程序为：在木豆灌浆完成但还青嫩时摘下，去壳、将豆子冷凉、清洗。接着于85℃的水中软化5分钟，再用冷水清洗并分级。将合要求的青木豆装入简易的罐头盒中，加91～93℃含盐为2％的盐水，用漆封口，用规格为A2的罐头盒(307×408)，密封后于116℃处理35分钟，接着用水冷却到38℃。成熟的干木豆也可用来制罐头，干木豆应含水分较高(19％)，先在66℃温水中浸泡3小时，然后于85℃下软化3分钟，再加含盐2％的盐水，密封后的罐头于116℃下处理45分钟，冷却即可。木豆可以进行快速冷冻。如同制罐头一样，青木豆荚去壳后，清洗、分级，再于91℃下软化5分钟，再清洗、装入塑料袋或硬板纸制的纸板筒内，接着放在鼓风冷冻器内于-43℃冷冻，然后贮藏于-23℃下待用。"
销售 木豆灌木种子-林木类-种子市场-中国农资供销网
销售 木豆灌木种子-林木类-种子市场-中国农资供销网
木豆是惟一的木本食用豆类作物，其青籽粒是优质美味蔬菜，成熟种子大量用做粮食，嫩枝、干鲜叶可用于饲料，还田也是好肥 料。茎秆可做薪柴、建筑用材及造纸原料，枝条可编织筐子，花期时可放养蜜蜂，成株可放养紫胶虫生产紫胶，目前国际市场价格较好。木豆是速生的灌木，根系非 常发达，当年种植当年覆盖率能达到70％--95％。种在陡坡上作为防护林，既能固定土壤减少水土流失，其根瘤又能固氮增加土壤肥力，落叶可改善土壤结构 增加有机质含量。木豆还可种在田边房舍周围做篱笆。总而言之，木豆是一种保持并改善生态平衡，向荒山瘠地旱坡要粮要钱的最佳作物。
元谋干热河谷木豆引种栽培试验初报 Applied Trial of Cajanus's Introducing a Fine Varity and Growing In Yuanmou Dry and Hot Valley
木豆(Cajanus cajan(L.)Millspaugh),又名树豆、千年豆、三叶豆、鸽子豆、蓉豆、柳豆、扭豆、黄豆树等,英文名Pigeonpea或Red Gram.原产于印度,是印度、东非和加勒比地区的重要经济树种,是迄今为止唯一的一种木本食用豆科作物.
木豆是惟一的木本食用豆类作物，其青籽粒是优质美味蔬菜，成熟种子大量用做粮食，嫩枝、干鲜叶可用于饲料，还田也是好肥 料。茎秆可做薪柴、建筑用材及造纸原料，枝条可编织筐子，花期时可放养蜜蜂，成株可放养紫胶虫生产紫胶，目前国际市场价格较好。木豆是速生的灌木，根系非 常发达，当年种植当年覆盖率能达到70％--95％。种在陡坡上作为防护林，既能固定土壤减少水土流失，其根瘤又能固氮增加土壤肥力，落叶可改善土壤结构 增加有机质含量。木豆还可种在田边房舍周围做篱笆。总而言之，木豆是一种保持并改善生态平衡，向荒山瘠地旱坡要粮要钱的最佳作物。
元谋干热河谷木豆引种栽培试验初报 Applied Trial of Cajanus's Introducing a Fine Varity and Growing In Yuanmou Dry and Hot Valley
木豆(Cajanus cajan(L.)Millspaugh),又名树豆、千年豆、三叶豆、鸽子豆、蓉豆、柳豆、扭豆、黄豆树等,英文名Pigeonpea或Red Gram.原产于印度,是印度、东非和加勒比地区的重要经济树种,是迄今为止唯一的一种木本食用豆科作物.
星期六, 三月 06, 2010
星期五, 三月 05, 2010
星期四, 三月 04, 2010
Publications | Buying from a Builder
Publications | Buying from a Builder
Special Considerations When Buying a New Home from a Builder
Big Mistake #19: Failing to Understand the Additional Risks in Buying a New Home from a Builder
The typical form contracts used by real estate brokerage firms in the resale of a previously owned home are heavily slanted in favor of the seller. The typical form contracts used by builders are even more favorable to the seller builder and, therefore, even worse for a purchaser. Among the more common "Big Mistakes" to watch out for in builder contracts are the following:
Deposits. Any deposits or other advance payments which you are required to make under the contract should be placed in a separate escrow account that is not under the builder's control. It is not just small builders who have financial problems before they complete homes and pay all of the mechanics and materialmen. Some of the biggest homebuilders in the country have gone under leaving homes unfinished and liens unsatisfied. If the builder has had access to your money you may rest assured that it will be you who is left empty handed, with neither the house built nor the subcontractors paid nor your money returned.
Delivery Date. Builder contracts never require the builder to deliver the house when promised. Nor do they permit recovery of any damages for the builder's failure to deliver on time. If your move-in date is critically important to you, either write into the contract monetary or other penalties for failure to deliver on time (to pay you for having to make two moves or for making other arrangements to accommodate the late delivery of the new home) or purchase a previously owned home.
Specifications and Substitutions. Most builders have preprinted contract addendum forms which provide some measure of detail concerning things like the orientation of the home on the lot, the floor plan of the home (that is, the layout of the various rooms and spaces within the home) and the type of materials, equipment and other building specifications that apply to the home which the purchaser is buying (which home, of course, may not even be under construction yet). Obviously, it is important for a purchaser to be able to evaluate all of these specifications, both in general and in particular, in order to determine whether or not the purchaser is getting real "value" in the home she is purchasing. Although I have seen very few purchasers do so, I would always recommend that any purchaser buying a new home consult with a professional home inspector with respect to the specifications contained in the original contract between the buyer and the builder.
As noted in the discussion of Integration clauses (see Big Mistake #18), the careful purchaser will make sure that the contract incorporates by reference any advertising or marketing materials (such as newspaper ads, pamphlets, brochures, etc.) which contain specifications or representations concerning the house or the subdivision that are not included in the sales contract.
Assuming that the purchaser has made sure that the initial contract adequately specifies the materials, equipment, etc., that are to be included in the home, the purchaser also needs to make sure that another commonly used provision in builder contracts will not take away what those specifications have given. Builder contracts invariably allow the builder to substitute, for a wide variety of reasons, other material and equipment for the material and equipment originally specified in the contract. There are lots of reasons why builders want such provisions in their contracts. For example, as time goes by, certain equipment or materials may no longer be available or may become significantly more expensive to purchase. For whatever reason, the builder may wish to make substitutions which may not be entirely consistent with the purchaser's tastes or preferences.
To protect against such eventualities, the purchaser should provide that the seller must disclose to the purchaser, in writing, any substitutions made in place of the specifications originally agreed upon, that any substitutions must be made with equivalent or better materials, equipment and workmanship and, finally, that the purchaser shall have the option of canceling the contract if the substitutions are not acceptable to the purchaser.
Even if the purchaser does not wish to cancel the contract as the result of an unacceptable substitution by the builder, such a provision gives the purchaser considerable leverage in negotiating some kind of mutually acceptable compromise (such as a reduction in price or adding some other betterment to make up for the substitution).
Proper Completion. Most builder contracts provide that the builder's architect (or some other person under the builder's control) will be the "arbitrator" if there is any dispute as to whether or not the house has been properly completed. Do not agree to that. How can such a person be an unbiased and impartial arbitrator in such disputes with the builder?
Most builder contracts also require the purchaser to settle and pay the contract price in full, with no deductions and no escrows, once the seller gets a certificate of occupancy or residential use permit for the home. COs and RUPs are routinely obtained by builders even though a house is far from what the typical purchaser would call "complete." The prudent purchaser should insert more reasonable provisions into the contract for determining whether or not the home has been properly completed and for escrowing appropriate amounts of money (or getting other adequate protection) until the home has been properly completed. Remember, once the settlement on your new home has been completed, you have lost a significant amount of leverage against the builder to compel him to complete the home properly. Once you have signed the papers and the builder has been paid in full, you may find it difficult to get a return phone call responding to your complaints of incomplete or improperly completed items.
Reservations of Rights. Some builder contracts actually authorize the builder to create additional easements or rights of way across a purchaser's lot even after settlement. Such a contract provision would allow the builder to decide, after the purchaser has gone to settlement on his new home, that the bike path for the subdivision should run through the middle of the purchaser's front yard! A prudent purchaser would never allow a seller to retain such rights after the execution of a purchase agreement. In any circumstance in which a builder can demonstrate a good reason for reserving any such rights, you should make certain to strictly limit the exercise of those rights in such a way as not to adversely affect the property you are buying.
The sales representatives for most knowledgeable and reputable builders realize how one sided their contract forms are and they are usually willing to make reasonable modifications when an informed buyer objects to contract provisions which are obviously unfair and inequitable. For the uninformed purchaser, however, the builder's printed form contract that is presented to them is the one that they sign and they never find out just how bad their legal position is until it is too late.
Accepting the Builder's Settlement Agent. Builder Sellers frequently try to persuade purchasers to accept a settlement agent designated by the seller. Sometimes the seller will even offer to pay some or all of the purchaser's settlement costs if the purchaser will agree to settle with the seller's designated settlement agent. There is nothing wrong with accepting this offer so long as the purchaser makes sure to retain his own experienced real estate attorney to protect his interests at the settlement.
Where the seller designates the settlement agent, it is important for the purchaser to remember two things: First, no settlement agent designated by the seller is going to do anything contrary to the seller's best interests. Second, most builder contracts define very narrowly the actual "settlement costs" which the builder will pay for the purchaser. Consequently, the dollar amount which the purchaser will save by going to settlement with the seller's settlement agent is usually far less than the purchaser expects.
星期三, 三月 03, 2010
4 options for struggling schools under Obama plan | StarTribune.com
4 options for struggling schools under Obama plan | StarTribune.com
well, the problem for schools could be students! they are from poor struggling families, with social issue, just refuse to learn. how could replace principal and fire over half the teachers help? same for no child left behind, how could you drag a school down when some kids choose to leave themselves behind? it's their right to be left behind.
well, the problem for schools could be students! they are from poor struggling families, with social issue, just refuse to learn. how could replace principal and fire over half the teachers help? same for no child left behind, how could you drag a school down when some kids choose to leave themselves behind? it's their right to be left behind.